Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha / Chicago & North Western 4-6-0 "Ten-Wheeler" Type Locomotives

Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha / Chicago & North Western 4-6-0 "Ten-Wheeler" Type Locomotives

Class Columbus / S-7 (Locobase 9135)

Data from M Grille, Les Chemins de Fer de L'Exposition de Chicago (Paris: E Bernard et Cie, 1894), pp. 24-27.

Locobase is puzzled by this Exposition display. It's a Ten-wheeler like a lot of North Western engines of the time, but it doesn't quite fit the mold. The firebox remains a narrow, deep furnace, but the boiler is substantially larger, so much so that the grate to heating surface ratio is way out. Yet all of the component dimensions check out (tube count, length and width of the grate). The taller drivers indicate a more purely passenger locomotive as well.

White says this locomotive was retired in 1926.

Class D-12 (Locobase 7559)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1905 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

Class E-9 (Locobase 9329)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

The Omaha Road retained its 140-psi steam pressure settings for years after other railroads had moved to 150-160 psi. This sextet of Ten-wheelers from the early '90s showed two big changes: a jump in psi to 170 and a grate that was half again as larger as the earlier surfaces. This latter enlargement was achieved by raising the floor of the firebox above the driving axles, thereby gaining 5" in width and in lengthening it as well.

Production of the class comprised 3 in Arpil 1891, 2 in May (177 & 179), and one in June (178). At the same time, the railroad was taking delivery of the F-1 with 19" cylinders. See Locobase 9330.

Class F-1 (Locobase 9330)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

As this upper-New York State builder was supplying mixed-traffic Ten-wheelers with 18" cylinders to the Omaha Road in 1891 (Locobase 9329), it was simultaneously producing more powerful 19" freighters. The grate was still bigger, the tubes fewer in number but a bit longer, and the adhesion weight increasing.

These were followed a year later by a larger class of similar proportions; see Locobase 9331.

Class F-2 (Locobase 9331)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

Locobase 9330 shows the 19" freighters that arrived on the Omaha Road in mid-1891. Within the year Schenectady was supplying similar locomotives with slightly taller drivers and a few more tubes.

Class F-3 (Locobase 9332)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

While the Omaha Road was taking delivery of several dozen Schenectady Ten-wheelers in the early 1890s, it also purchased this one small-grate engine from Baldwin. It enjoyed a long life, only being retired in March 1939.

Class F-4 (Locobase 9333)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

It's not clear why this locomotive would have to be rebuilt from an F-1 (Locobase 9330) and especially puzzling is why the grate was so much smaller afterward. Doubtless there was more to this story.

Class F-5 (Locobase 9334)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

As this New York builder was turning out a few dozen freighters for the Omaha Road, it was also supplying this quartet of passenger locomotives with bigger boilers, but smaller fireboxes. They may have been the first CStPM & O locomotives with more than 50 short tons of adhesive weight.

Class F-7 (Locobase 9335)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

This was one of the biggest Ten-wheelers of the mid-1890s in terms of its boiler, firebox heating surface, and adhesion weight. Its grate, however, was undersized compared to the rest of the design.

Class F-9 (Locobase 9337)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

Schenectady was delivering 73" drivered Eight-wheelers to the Omaha Road (Locobase 9336) at the same time it supplied this ten-spot of Ten-wheeler freighters. It's pretty clear that this was the same design as the F-8 with a stretch of two feet in the tubes to allow a third driving axle. The drivers were 14" smaller in diameter, but all of the other specifications are either identical or simply scaled up in reflection of the longer boiler.

Class G-1 (Locobase 9338)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

A year after the large 19" cylinder Ten-wheelers described in Locobase 9337, Schenectady supplied this larger batch of 20" locomotives with taller drivers and more heating surface. The first four arrived in August 1899, the next six in September, and the last three in January 1900.

This was a middle-of-the-pack locomotive in terms of its boiler, grate, firebox, and adhesion weight. In other words, like many other 4-6-0s that paid the bills for the companies that owned them.

Class G-2 (Locobase 9339)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

This trio immediately followed the G-1s (Locobase 9338) as the passenger equivalent. They were delivered in June 1901. For some reason, Drury (1993) does not include them in his listing of C StP M & O locomotives.

Class I-1 (Locobase 9343)

Data from CStPM&O 4 - 1900 Locomotive Diagrams supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

This large class of Ten-wheelers was very similar to the R-1s then being delivered to the Chicago & North Western. Both had the same small firebox and large grate, boilers with only a 5-tube difference in the tube count. The I-1s were lighter and most had Stephenson valve motion when delivered. 101-106, 222, 356-363 had Walschaert gear. Deliveries occurred over a long period with the last coming from Schenectady in 1910.

As with the R-1s, the I-1s were superheated; see Locobase 4357.

Class I-1 - superheated (Locobase 4857)

Data from Larry Bohn, author of the website members.lsol.net/mollyandmic/c385.htm.

See Locobase 9343 for the original I-1. The site says that the I-1 and K-1 Ten-wheelers were "the workhorses of the way freight traffic". This data reflects a later upgrade with superheater. Firebox heating surface included 24.2 sq ft of arch tubes. Although many roads that superheated locomotives with Stephenson gear took the opportunity to install an outside, radial valve gear, the Omaha Road did not. Those that were delivered with Stephenson kept it, likewise those with Walschaert.

(Drury (1993) says these were identical to the Chicago & NorthWestern's R-1s, but a comparison of the data suggests otherwise.

Class K-1 (Locobase 4858)

Data from Larry Bohn, author of the website members.lsol.net/mollyandmic/c385.htm

K-1s differed from I-1s in having cylinders 2" larger in diameter, but a boiler pressure 20 psi lower. Also the boiler was slightly longer and had more tubes. The class originally came from Schenectady and Brooks in 1911-1913.

This data reflects a later upgrade with superheater. Firebox heating surface included 24.2 sq ft of arch tubes.

Class Q (Locobase 7561)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1905 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

Schenectady delivered 15 in 1898 (works# 4844-4858) and Rhode Island added 10 in 1903 (works #27605-27614). The 25 Rogers engines delivered in 1906 had fewer tubes; see Locobase 7558.

Class Q (Rogers) (Locobase 7562)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1927 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

For some reason, the 25 Qs built by Rogers (works #38543-38567) had 25 fewer boiler tubes than the earlier Schenectady-Rhode Island engines. Firebox heating surface included 11.8 sq ft of arch tubes. They were never superheated and were retired only 22-25 years later in 1928 to 1931.

Class R (Locobase 8387)

Data from 1927 C & NW locomotive diagram book supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

This large class of Ten-wheelers is shown as delivered in the late 1890s, part of the large North Western holding of 4-6-0s that satisfied the bread-and-butter local-service requirements for decades. Some were later upgraded in the 1920s with new boilers that contained 269 tubes, a firebox modified to accept 30 sq ft of thermic syphons, and a total of 2,207 sq ft of evaporative heating surface.

Class R-1 (Locobase 4367)

Data from table in June 1907 issue of American Engineer & Railroad Journal.

Described by Drury (1993) calls these "the engines that typify the North Western ..."; good-looking general-service locomotives that were delivered by Alco-Schenectady and Baldwin over a 7-year period. See Locobase 9343 for the same design of locomotives delivered to subsidiary Chicago, St Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha in the same period.

They were later superheated; Locobase 8388 shows the result.

Class R-1 - superheated (Locobase 8388)

Data from C & NW 1 - 1927 locomotive diagram book supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection.

This was the superheated upgrade of the R-1 (Locobase 4367), which took several forms. As shown in the data, a new boiler could mean not just a revision to the tube/flue layout but to the firebox as well. Joining 12.7 sq ft of arch tubes was 48.5 sq ft of thermic syphons to contribute to the firebox heating surface. So not only did the boiler benefit from drier steam, but more of the heating surface was direct. Already valued by the North Western as a handy general-service locomotive, the superheated R-1s undoubtedly proved even more useful.

Class S-1 (Locobase 7563)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1905 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

Class S-2 (Locobase 7564)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1905 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

The S-2s and S-4s were virtually identical except for driver diameter and consequently weights. S-4s had 63" drivers; see Locobase 7565.

Class S-3 (Locobase 7565)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1905 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

Class S-4 (Locobase 7566)

Data from the C&NW 1 - 1905 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

The S-2s and S-4s were virtually identical except for driver diameter and consequently weights. Compared to the S-3s (Locobase 7565), the S-4s had larger boilers.

Data from M Grille & MH Falconnette, Les Chemins de Fer a L'Exposition de Chicago, (Paris, France: E Bernard et Cie, 1894), p 26-27.on the 1893 Chicago Exposition shows a very different locomotive; see Locobase 9135.

The S-2 had 59" drivers; see Locobase 7564.

Class S-5 (Locobase 9151)

Data from the C&NW 3 - 1908 Locomotive Diagrams books supplied in May 2005 by Allen Stanley from his extensive collection is the source for specifications.

Locobase suspects this quintet might have originally entered service on a line later bought by the C & NW. The dimensions are quite similar to the other S-series engines of the time, though.

Specifications

Class Columbus / S-7 D-12 E-9 F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-7 F-9 G-1 G-2 I-1 I-1 - superheated K-1 Q Q (Rogers) R R-1 R-1 - superheated S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5

Locobase ID 9135 7559 9329 9330 9331 9332 9333 9334 9335 9337 9338 9339 9343 4857 4858 7561 7562 8387 4367 8388 7563 7564 7565 7566 9151

Railroad Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (C & NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW) Chicago & North Western (C&NW)

Whyte 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0 4-6-0

Road Numbers 400 174-179 1, 205, 220-21, 248 188-200, 206, 212, 233-34 226 247 263-266 273-274 279-288 289-301 305-307 302-304, 308-353, 371-375 101-106, 222-225,302-304+ 107-108+ 497-506, 556-65,1323-32 795-96, 816-818

Gauge Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std Std

Builder Schenectady Burnham, Parry, Williams & Co Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Burnham, Williams & Co CStPMO Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Alco-Schenectady Alco several Rogers Schenectady several C & NW Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady Schenectady

Year 1893 1888 1891 1891 1892 1893 1895 1892 1897 1898 1899 1901 1901 1906 1911 1898 1906 1897 1901 1926 1888 1891 1891 1891 1892

Valve Gear Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Walschaert Walschaert Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Walschaert Walschaert Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson Stephenson

Locomotive Length and Weight

Driver Wheelbase 14.92' 13.50' 11.50' 12.17' 12.17' 14.75' 14.75' 12.17' 14.81' 14' 14.83' 14.83' 14.83' 14.83' 14.83' 14.33' 14.33' 14.83' 14.83' 14.83' 14.33' 12.25' 11.60' 12.25' 12.17'

Engine Wheelbase 25.25' 23.71' 21.50' 22.58' 22.58' 25.17' 25.08' 22.58' 25.81' 24.19' 25.83' 25.83' 25.83' 25.83' 25.83' 25.33' 25.33' 25.83' 25.83' 25.83' 24.25' 22.42' 21.58' 22.42' 22.50'

Ratio of driving wheelbase to overall engine wheebase 0.59 0.57 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.59 0.59 0.54 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54

Overall Wheelbase (engine & tender) 0 45.92' 45.25' 46' 47.19' 49.08' 46' 47.21' 51.75' 49.92' 51.54' 53.67' 530.83' 59.09' 59.09' 50.69' 50.53' 53.55' 57.75' 57.77' 47.25' 47.77' 46.81' 47.77' 46.92'

Axle Loading (Maximum Weight per Axle) 0 40450 lbs 43333 lbs

Weight on Drivers 95442 lbs 79700 lbs 89300 lbs 99600 lbs 99600 lbs 96000 lbs 97400 lbs 102000 lbs 121000 lbs 110800 lbs 120250 lbs 121350 lbs 130000 lbs 138000 lbs 139500 lbs 102800 lbs 108575 lbs 121750 lbs 135500 lbs 139000 lbs 88600 lbs 101100 lbs 94500 lbs 102550 lbs 102550 lbs

Engine Weight 128547 lbs 103700 lbs 115600 lbs 122700 lbs 125100 lbs 129000 lbs 125000 lbs 127500 lbs 156850 lbs 146300 lbs 158000 lbs 159750 lbs 167400 lbs 179000 lbs 186000 lbs 139100 lbs 147560 lbs 156700 lbs 179500 lbs 186000 lbs 110600 lbs 120400 lbs 116000 lbs 125800 lbs 126900 lbs

Tender Light Weight 0 80400 lbs 80400 lbs 70300 lbs 75900 lbs 80000 lbs 71000 lbs 75900 lbs 101850 lbs 105300 lbs 106000 lbs 115300 lbs 112450 lbs 143300 lbs 156800 lbs 91600 lbs 91600 lbs 109500 lbs 139500 lbs 144000 lbs 97500 lbs 97500 lbs 97500 lbs 97500 lbs 82300 lbs

Total Engine and Tender Weight 208100 lbs 184100 lbs 196000 lbs 193000 lbs 201000 lbs 209000 lbs 196000 lbs 203400 lbs 258700 lbs 251600 lbs 264000 lbs 275050 lbs 279850 lbs 322300 lbs 342800 lbs 230700 lbs 239160 lbs 266200 lbs 319000 lbs 330000 lbs 208100 lbs 217900 lbs 213500 lbs 223300 lbs 209200 lbs

Tender Water Capacity 4752 gals 3600 gals 4000 gals 4000 gals 4050 gals 4000 gals 3300 gals 4050 gals 4500 gals 4500 gals 4500 gals 5000 gals 5200 gals 7500 gals 7500 gals 4000 gals 4000 gals 5200 gals 7500 gals 7500 gals 4500 gals 4500 gals 4500 gals 4500 gals 4500 gals

Tender Fuel Capacity (oil/coal) 7.7 tons 8 tons 7 tons 8 tons 8 tons 8 tons 8 tons 11 tons 10.5 tons 10.8 tons 10.8 tons 11 tons 10 tons 18 tons 15 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 10 tons 8 tons

Minimum weight per yard of rail on which locomotive could run 53.02 lb rail 44.28 lb rail 49.61 lb rail 55.33 lb rail 55.33 lb rail 53.33 lb rail 54.11 lb rail 56.67 lb rail 67.22 lb rail 61.56 lb rail 66.81 lb rail 67.42 lb rail 72.22 lb rail 76.67 lb rail 77.50 lb rail 57.11 lb rail 60.32 lb rail 67.64 lb rail 75.28 lb rail 77.22 lb rail 49.22 lb rail 56.17 lb rail 52.50 lb rail 56.97 lb rail 56.97 lb rail

Geometry Relating to Tractive Effort

Driver Diameter 67" 59" 64" 56" 59" 59" 56" 67" 63" 59" 63" 69" 63" 63" 63" 63" 63" 63" 63" 63" 59" 59" 63" 63" 62"

Boiler Pressure 170 psi 160 psi 170 psi 170 psi 170 psi 170 psi 170 psi 170 psi 190 psi 190 psi 190 psi 200 psi 200 psi 200 psi 180 psi 190 psi 190 psi 190 psi 200 psi 200 psi 160 psi 170 psi 170 psi 170 psi 175 psi

Cylinders (dia x stroke) 19" x 24" 18" x 24" 18" x 24" 19" x 24" 19" x 24" 19" x 24" 19" x 24" 19" x 24" 19" x 26" 19" x 24" 20" x 26" 20" x 24" 21" x 26" 21" x 26" 23" x 26" 18" x 26" 18" x 26" 20" x 26" 21" x 28" 21" x 26" 19" x 24" 19" x 24" 18" x 24" 19" x 24" 19" x 24"

Tractive Effort 18686 lbs 17924 lbs 17557 lbs 22356 lbs 21219 lbs 21219 lbs 22356 lbs 18686 lbs 24061 lbs 23716 lbs 26660 lbs 23652 lbs 30940 lbs 30940 lbs 33403 lbs 21595 lbs 21595 lbs 26660 lbs 33320 lbs 30940 lbs 19971 lbs 21219 lbs 17835 lbs 19872 lbs 20787 lbs

Factor of Adhesion (Weight on Drivers/Tractive Effort) 5.11 4.45 5.09 4.46 4.69 4.52 4.36 5.46 5.03 4.67 4.51 5.13 4.20 4.46 4.18 4.76 5.03 4.57 4.07 4.49 4.44 4.76 5.30 5.16 4.93

Heating Ability

Firebox Area 165.17 sq. ft 143.90 sq. ft 134 sq. ft 148.70 sq. ft 147 sq. ft 159.20 sq. ft 148.70 sq. ft 147 sq. ft 178.10 sq. ft 174 sq. ft 175 sq. ft 193.80 sq. ft 152 sq. ft 176.20 sq. ft 176.20 sq. ft 145.80 sq. ft 157.60 sq. ft 199.70 sq. ft 150.80 sq. ft 216.70 sq. ft 161.40 sq. ft 146.68 sq. ft 140.60 sq. ft 146.68 sq. ft

Grate Area 17.88 sq. ft 17.07 sq. ft 25.70 sq. ft 26.90 sq. ft 27 sq. ft 17 sq. ft 17 sq. ft 27 sq. ft 27.60 sq. ft 26.50 sq. ft 28.30 sq. ft 30 sq. ft 46.27 sq. ft 46 sq. ft 46 sq. ft 25.25 sq. ft 25.25 sq. ft 28.54 sq. ft 46.27 sq. ft 47.18 sq. ft 18.50 sq. ft 27.20 sq. ft 25.60 sq. ft 27.20 sq. ft 26.80 sq. ft

Evaporative Heating Surface 1806 1536 1596 1487 1546 1694 1542 1754 2328 2152 2325 2365 3002 2012 2294 2031 1846 2287 2959 1963 1578 1712 1574 1712 1617

Superheating Surface 0 493 440 476

Combined Heating Surface 1806 1536 1596 1487 1546 1694 1542 1754 2328 2152 2325 2365 3002 2505 2734 2031 1846 2287 2959 2439 1578 1712 1574 1712 1617

Evaporative Heating Surface/Cylinder Volume 229.31 217.30 225.79 188.81 196.30 215.09 195.79 222.71 272.85 273.24 245.93 271.01 288.02 193.04 183.48 265.23 241.07 241.91 263.62 188.34 200.36 217.37 222.68 217.37 205.31

Computations Relating to Power Output (More Information)

Robert LeMassena's Power Computation 3039.60 2731.20 4369 4573 4590 2890 2890 4590 5244 5035 5377 6000 9254 9200 8280 4797.50 4797.50 5422.60 9254 9436 2960 4624 4352 4624 4690

Same as above plus superheater percentage 3039.60 2731.20 4369 4573 4590 2890 2890 4590 5244 5035 5377 6000 9254 11010.62 9612.55 4797.50 4797.50 5422.60 9254 11277.55 2960 4624 4352 4624 4690

Same as above but substitute firebox area for grate area 28078.90 23024 22780 25279 24990 27064 25279 24990 33839 33060 33250 38760 30400 42175.46 36820.26 27702 29944 37943 30160 51798.32 25824 24935.60 23902 24935.60 0

Power L1 6343.65 5020.32 5813.06 4493.59 4841.51 5285.12 4604.39 5999.33 7525.58 7168.93 6752.79 8787.11 7579.66 14768.46 10785.76 7190.47 6862.21 6933.22 6946.59 14769.47 4764.47 5190.45 5750.01 5542.34 0

Power MT 439.60 416.61 430.54 298.39 321.50 364.11 312.66 389.01 411.35 427.93 371.41 478.92 385.62 707.80 511.37 462.61 418.01 376.64 339.07 702.76 355.66 339.55 402.43 357.45 0

Photos

R-1 1385 (Wes Barris photo)

Reference

Chicago and Northwestern 1941-1953 by Lloyd Keyser
Chicago and North Western Power - Modern Steam and Diesel 1900 to 1971 by Patrick C. Dorin (Superior Publishing Co.)
Chicago and North Western Steam Power - 1848 - 1956 - Classes A - Z by Charles T. Knudsen (Knudsen Publications)
Zeppelins They Were Called, But Zeppelins They Were Not by Wallace W. Abbey in "Trains" October, 1970 page 20-33
Chicago & North Western Historical Society

Credits

Introduction and specifications provided by Steve Llanso of Sweat House Media.

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