Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 4-8-4 "Northern" Locomotives in the USA

Class 2900 (Locobase 237)

Data from 1947 Locomotive Cyclopedia tables and ATSF Locomotive Diagrams Assorted supplied in August 2013 by Allen Stanley from his extensive Rail Data Exchange collection. See also "ATSF 2926 News", New Mexico Steam Locomotive & Railroad Historical Society's Official Newsletter (11 March 2021) at [], last accessed 20 May 2021; "Gunns" post on 12 September 2005 6:25 PM in the Train Forum thread "Who Built The Highest Quality 4-8-4's? " begun by jlampke 6 September 2005 at 6:00 AM at [], last accessed 26 January 2025; and John A Thompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 November 2008. (Thanks to Patrick Shively for his 17 May 2021 email referring to the 2926's restoration.) Works numbers were 69788-69799, 69801 in 1943; 69800, 69802-69817 in 1944.

Thermic syphons (30.5 sq ft) in the 84-in combustion chamber only. Firebox heating surface includes 124 sq ft in the combustion chamber as well. Steam admission through 15" (381 mm) piston valves. Their appliances included an American multiple throttle, Worthington Type 6-SA feed water heater, Timken roller bearings on all axles.

These 30 engines were built to the #3765 design (Locobase 236), but because of wartime restrictions some of the parts were heavier to offset the lack of high-tensile alloys. As a result of the substitutions, these locomotives became the heaviest passenger locomotives ever built. Wartime exigencies required that they haul freight until the war ended; then they were assigned to the Scout and the Grand Canyon Limited. During that initial period, wrote "Gunns" on the Trains Forum, they compiled impressive statistics. "September 1944. The 30 2900's averaged 9,056 miles [14,580 km] per engine and cost 15.08 cents per mile to maintain. This was very good mileage for predominately freight service at a time of slow schedules and maximum tonnage."

AT&SF drawings show slightly different EHS (5,319 sq ft), weight on drivers (295,000 lb) and total engine weight (510,000 lb).

25 were scrapped in 1959. Six--2903, 2912-2913, 2925-2926--were saved for display (five) or "future use" (2925). In the last year of the 20th Century, 2926 would begin a long-delayed second career after standing as a static display in Albuquerque, New Mexico's Coronado Park since 1956. The New Mexico Steam Locomotive and Railroad Historical Society, which had bought the 2926 in July 1999. began its restoration in 2000.

Over the next two decades and more, the NMSL&RS volunteers labored over the 2926, to expending more than 200,000 hours to restore the engine to operating condition. Hopes for 20-21 March 2020 "steam up and movement under power" collapsed as COVID 19-related restrictions shut down the effort for most of the year.

Class 3751 (Locobase 233)

Data from 1930 Locomotive Cyclopedia tables and DeGolyer, Volume 77, pp. 74-106. See also John A Thompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 December 2024; and Lloyd E Stagner, "Thirty Years of 4-8-4s (Santa Fe), Trains Magazine, (February 1987), pp 24-40. (Thanks to Chris Hohl for his 6 November 2024 email noting the two different oil tenders.) Works number was 60004 in May 1927.

According to the San Bernadino Railway Historical Society's web site ([] consulted in April 2002), the Santa Fe's first Northern combined the conservative boiler pressure of 210 psi (14.5 bar_) with many state-of-the-art features. Among the latter were the cylinders cast with square dimensions (bore diameter equalled stroke length) integrally with the bed.

Other features included a Duplex stoker, front-end American throttle, Type E superheater. Valve travel for the 15" (381 mm) diameter piston valves amounted to 9" (229 mm) through a multiplying lever in the Walschaerts valve gear, which was operated by the Ragonnet power reverse gear. Also note the superpower tube & flue distribution.

The firebox had a combustion chamber contributing 89 sq ft (8.3 sq m) to direct heating surface area as well as 57.5 sq ft (5.35 sq m) in six arch tubes. Of the 221 3 1/2" flues, 204 held superheater elements. Elesco supplied the feed water heater. This was the only Santa Fe Northern completed without thermic syphons.

A measure of this design's impact, according to Drury (1993), lies in its being able to pull 33% more tonnage while burning 19% less coal. (Put another way, for every pound of coal, the 3751 evaporated 6.74 pounds of water -- 43% more than the Mountain.)

Ran between Kansas City and Los Angeles pulling passenger trains of up to 26 cars on the level and 15 up a 2% grade. As a freight hog, the 3751s rolled 105 loaded cars of 5,949 tons at 45 mph (72 kmh) on level track. Maximum drawbar horsepower measured at 40 mph was 3,220 hp. Top speed rating from introduction was 70 mph (113 kmh). And the distances covered! From Los Angeles eastbound, the engine might travel to La Junta, Col (1,235 mi), Wellington, Kan (1,535 mi), or Kansas City, Kan (1,789 mi).

Still, according to Lloyd E. Stagner's excellent summary of the Santa Fe 4-8-4s in Trains Magazine (found on the web at []), the 30" cylinders produced high back pressures that "proved troublesome, resulting in a loss of power at higher speeds ...a retired Santa Fe master mechanic who knew the 3751 class well ... remarked that as built, 'they smelled of lemon', due to the inability of the 15" piston valves to get rid of the exhausted steam efficiently."

Built in 1927, converted to oil burner in 1936; Chris Hohl noted that the shops refitted 3751 in 1936 to take a oil bunker insert that held 5,000 US gallons (18,925 litres).In 1938, the Santa Fe switched to the tender that had been added to other 3700 4-8-4; it contained 7,107 gallons (26,900 litres) of oil and 20,000 gallons (75,700 litres) of water. Also at that time, the shops fit stack extensions hoisted by compressed air for two reasons: to improve the draft over the grate and to lift the ehausted steam and smoke further above the train. Chris also said that the shops replaced the front truck's original 33"(838 mm) diameter wheels with 37" (940 mm) wheels.

A more significant rebuild (Locobase 14963) saw the 3751 get new frames, a lengthened smokebox, new rods, 80-in (2,032 mm) Boxpok drivers and Timken roller bearings on all axles in 1939-1940. After the rebuild, which also included redesigned steam passages and steam pressure raised to 230 psi (15.85 bar) , the engines were rated at 90 mph (145 kph) and often ran at 100 mph (161 kph) or more.

The class retired in 1956-1957.

Class 3751 - 1938 rebuild (Locobase 14963)

Data from Santa Fe diagram book digitized and made available at "Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe steam engine diagrams and blueprints," Kansas Memory, a website of the Kansas Historical Society, diagram at [] . See also John A Thompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 November 2008. See also Gary Schrader's 1/15/2006 pictorial on the 4-8-4s' different driver types (he passed away in 2023). (Thanks to Chris Hohl for a 22 February 2013 inquiry that led to adding this upgrade to the stock of entries describing Santa Fe 4-8-4s.His 4 November 2024 email

The Santa Rebuilds were undertaken in 1938 with further modifications from 1941-1948.

Most of the early 4-8-4s shown in Locobases 233 (3751), 443 (3752-3760), and 235 (3761-3764) were rebuilt according to the specifications shown in the data section of this entry. Ten (3752-3759, and 2761-3762) underwent the modfications between November 1938 and July 1939. They retained the Elesco closed feed water heater, but had it moved behind the stack.

The latter four (3751, 3760 and 3763-3764) received the same upgrades in 1940-1941 and traded the Elescos for the Worhtington open feed water heater. (The difference between the two was the former's use of separate steam and water lines and the latter's combining the two and filtering out the oil.) Boxpok disc drivers replaced the original spoked type. In almost all respects, they matched the new engines (3765 and later) that entered service beginning in 1938.

The diagram, last updated on 11 April 1950, dsiplays those changes and many other changes to these engines. Consequently, it offers a long list of state-of-the-art late steam locomotive components, materials, and structures that met the ever-increasing demands for speed and pulling power. There was the integrally cast locomotive bed. All axles turned on Timken roller bearings. Side rods were arranged in tandem. Engine truck was the Batz design while the trailing bogie was supplied by Delta. In addition to the 20-psi (1.38-bar) increase in boiler pressure, which partially offset the 7" (178 mm) enhancement in driver diameter, the newer boilers had more thermic syphon area (125 sq ft/11.6 sq m), a Worthington feedwater heater, and American multiple throttle. NB: Of the 231 flues in the boiler, 11 did not hold superheater elements.

The upgrade meant more weight. The nearly seven additional tons (6.4 metric tons) of adhesive weight certainly helped maintain an adequate factor of adhesion. Total engine weight increased almost 23 tons (20.9 metric tons). At that, the rebuilt 3751s still weighed a minimum of eight tons (7.3 metric tons) less than those delivered in the late 1930s.

3752 was rebuilt twice, once in 1938 (see above). A 1948 update included Franklin rotary cam poppet valve gear and 115 sq ft (10.7 sq m) of security circulators instead of the syphons.

Evan Werkema, in a 12 July 2011 post to a TrainOrders thread at [],2512961 (last accessed 12 June 2016), said that the late valve change was "...reportedly a successful installation, and the engine performed well, with improved horsepower and fuel economy compared to her sisters. It evidently wasn't enough to warrant further applications or stem the diesel tide, however. I recall reading somewhere that a problem in the valve gear was what took her out of service for the last time in mid-August 1953."

Class 3752 (Locobase 443)

Data from DeGolyer Volume 77, pp.108-151. See also John A hompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 November 2008. ( Thanks to Chris Hohl for his 4 November 2024 email noting the 1938 updates.) Works numbers were 60328-60334 in January 1928, 60385-60386 in February.

Retaining the square dimensioned (bore diameter equalled stroke length) cylinders, that were cast integrally with the bed of the path-breaking 3751 (Locobase 233), this class introduced a different arrangement of tubes and flues and much more direct heating surface area. Firebox had two thermic syphon, the combustion chamber had one that together contributed 104 sq ft (9.65 sq m) to the heating surface while the combustion chamber itself added 89 sq ft (8.3 sq m) and the arch tubes 20 sq ft (1.85 sq m). The boiler also was fitted with an Elesco feedwater heater. (Eleven of the 231 flues did not hold superheater elements.)

According to Lloyd E. Stagner's excellent summary of the Santa Fe 4-8-4s in Trains Magazine (found on the web at []), 3755 & 3756 used Dupont stokers and butterfly doors, while 3757-3760 had Duplex stokers and vertical doors.

Chris Hohl's research revealed that in 1938, the Santa Fe switched to the tender that had been added to other 3700 4-8-4s; it contained 7,107 gallons (26,900 litres) of oil and 20,000 gallons (75,700 litres) of water. Also at that time, the shops fit stack extensions hoisted by compressed air for two reasons: to improve the draft over the grate and to lift the ehausted steam and smoke further above the train. Chris also noticed that the shops replaced the front truck's original 33"(838 mm) diameter wheels with 37" (940 mm) wheels in the 3753.

For the major rebuild applied to these locomotives in the late 1930s, see Locobase 14963.

Class 3761 (Locobase 235)

Data from DeGolyer, Volume 82,pp. 398+. See also John A hompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 November 2008. (Thanks to Anthony Platt for his 8 June 2016 email commenting on 3764's valve gear and noting that it was in fact soon modified with Walschaert gear. Thanks to Chris Hohl for his 4 November 2024 email noting the 1938 updates.) Works numbers were 60764-60766 in April 1929 and 61091 in September.

This quartet continued the series that began with the 3751 and 3752 (Locobases 233 and 443). The only significant difference between these engines and the 1928 3752s was a slightly larger thermic syphon area. The firebox had two thermic syphons and combustion chamber had one; these contributed 125 sq ft (11.6 sq m) to the heating surface area while the combustion chamber itself added 89 sq ft (8.3 sq m) and the arch tubes 20 sq ft (1.85 sq m). The boiler also was fitted with an Elesco feedwater heater.

Chris Hohl noted that the shops refitted 3761-3763 in 1936 to take a oil bunker insert that held 5,000 US gallons (18,925 litres).In 1938, the Santa Fe switched to the tender that had been added to other 3700 4-8-4; it contained 7,107 gallons (26,900 litres) of oil and 20,000 gallons (75,700 litres) of water.

For the major rebuild applied to these locomotives in the late 1930s, see Locobase 14963.

Lloyd E. Stagner's excellent summary of the Santa Fe 4-8-4s in Trains Magazine (found on the web at []) says that 3764's delivery was delayed in order to fit Caprotti valve gear. Anthony Platt noted that, although it's often described as a poppet-valve gear, the installation used piston valves. See Wes Camp's very detailed description of the Caprotti layout in the Train Orders thread at [],2512961 (last access 12 June 2016).

Tests were inconclusive, but in any case, the assembly "simply was too light for the heavy service required on big locomotives ...and it had the further disadvantage of requiring specialized maintenances." Evan Werkma, in his 12 July 2011 post, commented that "The locomotive didn't develop the same horsepower as her Walschaerts-equipped sisters, and that the gear was too lightly constructed to stand up to the service demanded of it."

Chris Hohl's research revealed that in 1938, the Santa Fe switched to the tender that had been added to other 3700 4-8-4; it contained 7,107 gallons (26,900 litres) of oil and 20,000 gallons (75,700 litres) of water. Also at that time, the shops fit stack extensions hoisted by compressed air for two reasons: to improve the draft over the grate and to lift the ehausted steam and smoke further above the train.

As was done with the earlier Santa Fe 4-8-4s, the 3761s underwent a significant reconstruction described in Locobase 14963.

Class 3765 (Locobase 236)

Data from 1947 Locomotive Cyclopedia tables; and ATSF Assorted Diagrams supplied in August 2022 by Allen Stanley from his extensive Rail Data Exchange collection. See also John A hompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 November 2008. (Thanks to Chris Hohl for his 16 June 2013 email querying the tender capacities; and Jeremiah Johnson for his 26 October 2022 email reporting a different set of values for weights; see NB below; and Chris Hohl again for his 4 November 2024 email correcting engine and combined wheelbases, giving the reasons for not streamlining the 3765, and for noting the fitting of tapered connecting rods given up by locomotives refitted with roller-bearing journals in 1950.) Works numbers ran 62119-62129 in 1938.

With Engine #3765, the Santa Fe Northern design underwent several changes. The design featured revised cylinder dimensions in which cylinder diameter dropped by 2" (50.8 mm) while stroke increased by a similar 2". Lloyd E. Stagner pointed out in his history of the Santa Fe 4-8-4s in Trains Magazine (found on the web at []), the change in cylinders was intended to eliminate the back-pressure problem posed by the 30" pistons in use up to that point. After the change, available cylinder volume dropped from 24.84 cubic feet to 22.81. But the new boiler attained 90 psi (6.2 bar) higher maximum pressure and a maximum cutoff set at 60%.

Steam admission now came through 15" (381 mm) piston valves. Other upgrades included American multiple throttle and taller drivers of Baldwin's disk design.

The firebox now had three thermic syphons-two in the firebox, one in the combustion chamber-that contributed 125 sq ft (11.6 sq m), Timken roller bearings on all engine and tender axles, Worthington Type 6 SA feed water heater, and all manner of up-to-date equipment including tandem connecting rods.

Chris Hohl reported that the planned streamlining of the first engine did not happen after the railroad found it would add too much weight.

Also beginning at #3765, fuel was changed from soft coal to oil. Engines 3776-3785 were ordered in 1941; see Locobase 234. Together with the Union Pacific FEF series and the New York Central's Niagaras, these engines were the highest expression of ultra-long-distance passenger power in US service.

NB: Jeremiah Johnson's email pointed out a different set of weights for this class than Locobase had found in the detailed tables presented in the 1947 Locomotive Cyclopedia. Johnson's figures for the 3765 class in a set of ATSF diagrams in a recent Allen Stanley update, which now appear in the specifications. But given the usual high quality of the Locomotive Cyclopedia tables, Locobase gives the weights just below:

281,900 lb (127,868 kg) on the drivers, 494,630 lb (224,361 kg) for the engine, and 464,700 lb (210,785 kg) for the tender. (These may have been initial weighings by the builder that did not reflect operational weights.)

Nickel-steel boilers replaced in 1949-1952, engines retired in 1959.

Class 3776 (Locobase 234)

Data from ATSF 1 - 1953 locomotive diagrams supplied in August 2021 by Allen Stanley from his extensive Rail Data Exchange collection, table and diagrams in 1947 Locomotive Cyclopedia and "Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe steam engine diagrams and blueprints," Kansas Memory, a website of the Kansas Historical Society, diagram at [] . See also John A Thompson, "Santa Fe's 4-8-4 Steam Locomotives--Timelines" (June 2005) at [], last accessed 8 November 2008. (Thanks to Chris Hohl for his 4 November 2024 email noting differences in rod designs.) Works numbers were 62465-62474 in 1941.

Based on the 3765s (Locobase 236), but with further enhancements. Firebox heating surface was sharply reduced from the 3765s and included only 29 sq ft (2.7 sq m) of thermic syphons in the combustion chamber only.

Engine wheelbase measured 14" (356 mm) longer than that of the 3765 thanks to redesigns that lengthened the wheelbase by 10" (254 mm) behind the last driving axle and 4" (102 mm) from the lead drving axle to the front truck axle.

Ten delivered in 1941 Chris Hohl pointed out the first eight delivered using tapered connecting rods while the last two (3784-3785) came equipped with roller-bearings rods. In 1947-1948, Hohl adds, the first eight swapped out their original rods for roller-bearing rods. The tapered rods then were retrofitted with earlier 4-8-4s.

Nickel-steel boilers were replaced in 1949-1952,

As the Santa Fe dieselized, even these state-of-the-art steamers headed to the ferro-knackers in 1956-1959.

See Lloyd E. Stagner's excellent summary of the Santa Fe 4-8-4s in Trains Magazine (found on the web at [])